15 Gifts For The Evolution Korea Lover In Your Life
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than expected.
The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with art styles as well as a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. At this time, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be revered and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves paved with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system want to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear over potential job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of disbelief is similar to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of a KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism Evolution that they raised money and secured support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.